When college students are studying to learn, they’re constructing psychological connections between how phrases sound to how these sounds are represented by letters.
Phonological consciousness teaches spelling patterns and spelling guidelines. It teaches about components of phrases referred to as syllables. Studying widespread syllable patterns may help individuals turn into higher readers and spellers.
Listed below are the 14 guidelines to be adopted for phonic pronunciation in English.
Vowels in syllables
In English, a syllable will include not less than one vowel. A vowel can stand alone in a syllable, as in u•nit and an•i•mal. It can be surrounded by consonants, as in jet, nap•kin, and fan•tas•tic.
Quick and lengthy vowels
The sounds vowels make depend upon the place they’re in a phrase. For instance, is the vowel adopted by a consonant? This helps decide if the vowel makes its quick or lengthy sound: go vs. obtained, she vs. shed, hello vs. him.
- When there’s just one vowel in a syllable and it’s adopted by not less than one consonant, the vowel normally makes its quick sound. Examples embody on, itch, mas•cot, and Wis•con•sin. This sample is named a “closed syllable” as a result of the consonant “closes in” the quick vowel sound.
- When there is just one vowel and it’s on the finish of a syllable, the vowel makes its lengthy sound, as in he and ban•jo. This sample is named an “open syllable.”
The Silent ‘e’
When ‘e’ is the final letter in a phrase, and there’s just one different vowel in that syllable, the primary vowel in that syllable is normally lengthy and the e is silent, as in sale and in•facet. This syllable sample is named “vowel-consonant-e.”
Some academics name this the “silent e” rule. Some name it the “magic e” rule. The e offers all its energy to the opposite vowel and makes that vowel use its lengthy sound (“say its identify”).
Consonant blends and digraphs
Digraph is a a phrase utilized in English to imply that there are two letters that signify one sound. Consonant digraphs are manufactured from two consonants that work collectively to type a brand new sound. Examples embody chap, ship, skinny, whiz, and picture. Consonant blends are totally different. These teams of two or extra consonants work collectively. However in contrast to digraphs, their particular person sounds can nonetheless be heard as they’re blended collectively. Examples embody clam, grasp, and scrub.
Vowel digraphs
In a vowel digraph, two vowels are adjoined with one another. The primary vowel is lengthy and says its identify. The second vowel is silent, as in boat, paint, and seaside.
Generally, two vowels work collectively to type a brand new sound. That is referred to as a diphthong. Examples embody cloud and boil.
R-controlled vowels
When a syllable has a vowel that’s adopted by ‘r’, the vowel is “managed” by the r and makes a brand new sound. Examples embody automobile, chicken, germ, type, and damage. This rule is usually referred to as “bossy r” as a result of the r “bosses” the vowel to make a brand new sound.
The “schwa” sound
Any vowel could make the schwa sound; it seems like a weak uh or ih. Phrases like from and ultimate have the schwa sound. Some phrases have multiple schwa sound, like house and banana. It’s the most typical sound within the English language.
Smooth c and onerous c, and tender g and onerous g
When the letter c is adopted by the vowels e, i, or y, it normally makes its tender sound. Examples of which might be cent, circus, and cyclone. With different vowels, the letter c makes a tough sound, as in cat and cot.
Likewise, when the letter g is adopted by the vowels e, i, or y, it normally makes its tender sound. Examples of which might be gel, large, and gymnasium. With different vowels, the letter g makes a tough sound, as in gasoline, gorilla, and yogurt.
The “fszl” (fizzle) rule
The letters f, s, z, and l are normally doubled on the finish of a one-syllable phrase instantly following a brief vowel. Examples embody stuff, grass, fuzz, and shell. Exceptions embody quiz and bus.
Ending in okay or ck
When a one-syllable phrase ends with the /okay/ sound instantly following a brief vowel, it’s normally spelled with ck, as in duck and trick. When the /okay/ sound follows a consonant, lengthy vowel sound, or diphthong, it’s normally spelled with okay, as in activity, cake, soak, and hawk.
The /j/ sound and the /ch/ sound
In a one-syllable phrase, when a /j/ sound instantly follows a brief vowel, it’s spelled dge as in badge, hedge, bridge, dodge, and smudge. (The d “protects” the vowel from the “magic e” rule.)
In a one-syllable phrase, when a /ch/ sound instantly follows a brief vowel, it’s normally spelled tch as in catch, fetch, sew, blotch, and clutch. The exceptions to this rule are such, a lot, wealthy, and which.
Drop the e with -ing
When phrases finish with a silent ‘e’, drop the ‘e’ earlier than including -ing. Examples: bike/biking, give/giving, and dodge/dodging. This rule additionally applies to different suffixes that begin with vowels, like -ed, -er, -able, and -ous. Examples: grieve/grievous, excite/excitable, and hope/hoped.
Doubling
In a one-syllable phrase like ‘win’ the place one quick vowel is adopted by one consonant, double the consonant earlier than including a suffix that begins with a vowel. Examples: winner, profitable, winnable.
Plurals
For many phrases, add s to make them plural, as in cat/cats. However, when a singular phrase ends with s, sh, ch, x, or z, add es to make it plural, as in courses, brushes, and foxes.
Y guidelines
To make plural a phrase that ends in a vowel instantly adopted by y, simply add s, as in toy/toys. When y instantly follows a consonant, change the y to i and add es. Examples: household/households, pony/ponies, and treaty/treaties.
Suffixes observe the same set of y guidelines. When there’s a vowel proper earlier than y, preserve the y and easily add the suffix. Examples embody play/taking part in and annoy/annoying.
When a phrase ends with a consonant adopted instantly by y, change the y to i earlier than including suffixes like -ed and -est. Examples embody carry/carried and comfortable/happiest.
However when the suffix begins with i, preserve the y and easily add the suffix, as in fly/flying and child/babyish.
Hope this helped present an understanding of phonic guidelines. Thanks for studying.
You could wish to learn: The Logic of English Pronunciation, Kinjo for Roblox Mother and father, & Instructing with Humor
